Accelerating Social Cause Entrepreneurs program (ASCEnt program)
, 402
Airbnb
, 4, 47–50, 53–54, 61, 365
‘Alexa’ (virtual assistants)
, 2, 476
American Marketing Association
, 68, 262
Arab–Norman itinerary
, 355
Artificial intelligence (AI)
, 476
web
, 200
Attraction sector, ICT in
, 240–241
‘Auditory elements affects tourists’ perceptions
, 197–198
Augmented reality (AR)
, 2, 10, 286–287, 348, 476
applied to mobile cultural heritage
, 351–353
technology
, 282
in tourism
, 348–351
Authentic tourist destinations, villages as
, 360–362
Authentic Villages of Italy
, 362
Automated teller machine (ATM)
, 505
Average variance extracted values (AVE values)
, 436
Cell Phone applications
, 217
Central reservation system (CRS)
, 494, 497, 500–501, 504
City of Waterloo
, 401–403
Classical process innovations
, 419
Cloud Adoption (CAD)
, 435
Cloud computing
, 288, 428
hospitality industry benefits from adoption
, 429
Co-creation
concept
, 412, 417
principle
, 396
Collaborative governance
, 398
Collaborative Writing/Editing
, 216
Communication technology
, 233, 366
Community Informatics (CI)
, 253
Competencies in tourism and hospitality business
, 449–450
Competitive pressure (CMP)
, 431, 435, 437
Computer
simulations
, 254
systems
, 1
Consumer
behavior
, 120
perception
, 197
services
, 200
Content-based reliable decision-making systems
, 446
Cookie(s)
, 34
disclosure
, 37
usage by global hotel chains
, 38
Corporate information
, 201
Correlation(s)
, 221
analysis
, 59–61
Cost Saving (CTS)
, 435, 437
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient
, 57
Cultural
event
, 155
tourism
, 392
Customer relationship management (CRM)
, 449
platforms
, 376–377
Customer-oriented marketing
, 70–71
approach
, 81
in hotels
, 275
in integrated marketing
, 268–269
product-oriented marketing to
, 264–265
Customer(s)
, 275
buying process
, 88
customer-focused marketing strategy
, 72
customer-oriented approach in integrated marketing
, 74–75
decision-making process
, 55–57
engagement
, 86
experience
, 480–481
functionality cookies
, 38
satisfaction
, 48
Customisation of e-HRM
, 454
Cyberspace technologies
, 137
E-commerce
, 114, 215, 217
e-HRM
, 13
application
, 446
architecture
, 452–454
compensation
, 451
competencies in tourism and hospitality business
, 449–450
decision-making in e-HRM
, 447–448
development and customisation of
, 454
human resources in tourism industry
, 448–449
perceived vs. expected performance
, 450–451
Sinai in Egypt
, 446–447
special location of Sinai in Egypt
, 452
Economic development
5G network
, 477
augmented reality
, 476
bibliometric review
, 482–483
Big Data
, 476–477
Bleisure Travel
, 479–480
blockchain
, 477
customer experience
, 480–481
Ecotravel
, 478
emergence of super apps
, 477–478
Fintech innovation and alternative payment methods
, 482
global tourism industry and purposes
, 474
ICT developments and facilitation
, 478
identifying keywords clusters
, 485–488
IoT
, 476
local experience
, 478–479
methodology of study
, 482
mobile technology
, 475
personalisation
, 479
prescriptive analytics
, 477
results
, 483–485
robots, Chatbots, and automation
, 480
social media influencing booking travel
, 481
Solo Travel
, 478
sustainability and conscious travel
, 481
technological advancements
, 473–474
technology, tourism, and economic development
, 475
trending ICT solutions for tourism
, 475
virtual assistants
, 476
Economic sustainability
, 372–373
Egypt, special location of Sinai in
, 452
Electronic Cash Register (ECR)
, 237–238
Electronic commerce (e-commerce)
, 196
Electronic customer relationship management (e-CRM)
, 201
development
, 216
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)
, 233
Electronic word of mouth (eWOM)
, 88, 120, 496
marketing
, 134, 140–141
Emotional branding
, 105–107, (see also Influencer marketing)
emotional aspect of tourism
, 102–103
ICT tools in tourism industry
, 103–105
Enterprise(s)
, 2
brand strategists
, 141
Entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 371
“Entrepreneurship-focused university”
, 396
Environment Management Information System (EMIS)
, 254
Environmental factors
, 54–55
Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA)
, 253
eTourism
, 6, 182, (see also Religious events tourism)
ICTs
, 182–183
innovation impacts on handcrafts
, 188–189
innovation in tourism
, 183–184
methodology and case study
, 187–188
technological innovation
, 185–187
tourist destination development
, 184–185
Event tourism
, 149–151, (see also Religious events tourism; Smart tourism)
event types
, 153–156
features of
, 151–153
impact on destination
, 156–157
internet marketing in
, 160–162
marketing and features
, 157–160
promotion
, 158–160
Existential authenticity
, 361
Expedia
, 70, 117, 119, 263
Experience-based tourism services
, 323–324
Experiential marketing
, 158
Importance–performance analysis (IPA)
, 412
India, religious event tourism in
, 462–464
Indian tourism and hospitality industry
, 301–302
data analysis and research findings
, 306
ICT and functional competencies
, 303–304
ICT-based marketing
, 302–303, 307–310
ICT-based marketing and functional competencies
, 311–312
ICT-based marketing and profitability
, 304–305
ICT-based marketing business profitability
, 310–311
methodology
, 305–306
result of hypotheses
, 312–315
tourism and hospitality organizations and employees
, 307
Indoor tourist guides
, 376
Industry 4. 0
, 370–371
ICT aligned with SDG in tourism
, 372–373
smart tourism
, 371–372
Tourism 4. 0 case studies in Portugal
, 373–377
Influencer marketing
, 138, 140, (see also Online marketing)
future for travel, tourism and hospitality enterprises
, 142–143
influence of SM for marketing implementation
, 132–138
strategies
, 140–142
Information
, 89
governance
, 403
society
, 232–234
systems
, 428
Information and communication (IC)
, 104
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
, 1, 3–6, 10–11, 20–21, 52, 101, 135, 182–183, 186, 214, 233, 253, 290, 302, 336–337, 348, 448, 450–451, 473, 496
aligned with SDG in tourism
, 372–373
attraction sector
, 240–241
business profitability in tourism and hospitality organizations
, 310–311
emotional branding and
, 105–107
and functional competencies
, 303–304, 311–312
future in tourism sector
, 241–242
hospitality sector
, 236–238
ICT-based marketing
, 302–303
ICT-based marketing and profitability in India
, 304–305
tools in tourism industry
, 103–105
tourism and
, 214–215
in tourism and hospitality
, 24
in tourism sector
, 234–236
travel sector
, 238–240
usage among tourism and hospitality organizations
, 307–310
Information technology (IT)
, 7, 103, 160, 232, 429–431, 494
future of ICTs in tourism sector
, 241–242
ICT in tourism sector
, 234–241
information society and ICT
, 232–234
in tourism
, 285
travel agencies and information technology
, 497–498
Innovation
, 187, 371
in destinations
, 414
impacts on handcrafts
, 188–189
process
, 419
in tourism
, 183–184
Innovative city development
literature review
, 412–419
methodology
, 419–420
results
, 420–422
technology application and innovation process
, 419
Innovative social technologies
, 416
Instagram
, 5, 114, 118, 122, 461
Institutional innovations
, 394, 419
Integrated marketing approach
, 68, 69, 263
for businesses
, 75–76
customer-oriented approach in
, 74–75, 268–269
definition, content and scope of
, 71–72, 265–266
difference between IMCs and
, 266–267
difference between integrated marketing and IMC
, 72–73
in hotel management
, 76–83, 270–276
integrated marketing for businesses
, 269–270
marketing hotel
, 68–69
from product-oriented marketing to customer-oriented marketing
, 70–71
relation between integrated marketing and strategic management
, 73–74, 267–268
transition from product-oriented marketing to customer-oriented marketing
, 264–265
WOM advertising
, 262
Integrated marketing communications (IMC)
, 72, 179, 266
difference between integrated marketing and
, 72–73, 266–267
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
, 253
Inter-departmental coordination
, 265
Inter-generational equity (see Futurity)
Interdisciplinary approach
, 172
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
, 494
Internet
, 1, 46–47, 52–53, 69, 196, 239, 447
advertising
, 240–241
information systems
, 285
internet-digital-viral-interactive-SM marketing
, 132
technologies
, 114
Internet Discussion Forums
, 216
Internet marketing
, 498
in event tourism
, 160–162
Internet of Things (IoT)
, 2, 284, 476
Intra-site navigation
, 200
Inventory management system
, 238
Investment in technology
, 428
Italian cities
ApPanormus
, 354–356
AR applied to mobile cultural heritage
, 351–353
AR in tourism
, 348–351
‘Sicily the Island of Wonders’ app
, 353–354
technology in tourism
, 347–348
Italian Responsible Tourism Association
, 363
Palermo city and heritage sites
, 354–356
Paperless online ticketing system
, 88
Participatory governance
, 398
Pay-as you-go service
, 428
Pearson Correlation
, 218, 223
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Method
, 59
Peer to peer economy
, 367
Personalization
, 285, 479
Place marketing
, 412–413, 415, 418
Politic, Economy, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental (PESTLE)
, 55
Poon’s model of competitiveness
, 398
Probability sampling
, 499
Product, partnership, people, accessibility, program, price and promotion (8Ps model)
, 416
Product, price, place, and promotion of marketing (4Ps of marketing)
, 263, 275
“Product-oriented components”
, 200
Product-oriented marketing
, 70–71
to customer-oriented marketing
, 264–265
Promotion(al)
, 87–88, 204–205, 240–241
for DMOs
, 217
and marketing
, 215–216
for religious events tourism
, 465–467
strategies
, 276
tools used by DMOs
, 215–217
of tourism products
, 370
Security
, 79, 201, 273, 431
Security Concerns (SEC)
, 435, 437
Self-service systems
, 454
‘Sharing economy’
, 46
and new technologies for tourism development
, 364–367
Shift in technology
, 22
in tourism and hospitality
, 24–26
‘Sicily the Island of Wonders’ app
, 353–354
Simple Linear Regression
, 218
‘Siri’ (virtual assistants)
, 2, 476
Site analytics cookies
, 38
6-stars model for territorial purposes
, 400
Smart business ecosystems
, 372
Smart destination
, 284, 372
Smart information systems 2914
Smart management systems
findings
, 401–404
literature review
, 394–400
methodology
, 400–401
Smart tourism
, 9, 282, 283–284, 371–372, (see also Religious events tourism)
AR
, 286–287
cloud computing
, 288
destination
, 288–289
informativeness
, 285–286
IoT
, 288
smart concept
, 282–283
smart experience and smart destination
, 284
smart technology use in tourism to stakeholders
, 289–292
technologies
, 284–285
VR
, 287
Social media (SM)
, 1, 5, 114, 132, 215–217, 223–225, 256, 292, 495–496
cookies
, 38
features and forms
, 114–117
increasing overtourism crisis
, 122–123
influence on Gen Y
, 54
influencing booking travel
, 481
influencing for marketing implementation
, 132
internet
, 132–133
internet-based SM
, 133–134
promoting of tourism experience and
, 326–327
tools
, 117–120
tools in travel, tourism and hospitality
, 137–138
in tourism and hospitality
, 134–137
transforming tourist behavior
, 120–122
Social media influencers (SMI)
, 140
Social media marketing (SMM)
, 134–135
Social networking sites
, 496
Social networks
, 133, 236, 360
Social Reputation Network
, 216
Social sustainability
, 372
Socio-economic factors
, 51–52
Soft factors of development
, 394–395, 398
Sri Lanka
adopter and non-adopters of cloud computing technology
, 435
AVE
, 436
background of study
, 429–430
cloud computing in
, 428
data analysis and findings
, 433
descriptive statistics
, 434–435
explanatory power of model fitting
, 436–439
hospitality industry benefits from cloud computing adoption
, 429
literature review and theoretical framework
, 430–432
reliability and validity of construct
, 435
research contribution
, 440
research methodology and conceptual framework development
, 432–433
validation test of constructs
, 436
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)
, 57
SPSS Version 21
, 433
SPSS 20
, 90
Strategic approaches
, 414
Strategic Development Plan for Tourism
, 362
Strategic management
, 72, 266
relation between integrated marketing and
, 267–268
Strategic marketing
decisions
, 74
planning in hotels
, 80–81, 274
Stratified Random Probability Sampling method
, 57
Supply and demand
, 70, 264
Supply side event development
, 151
Sustainability
, 360, 478, 481
in minor destinations
, 362–363
Sustainability development goals (SDGs)
, 372
ICT aligned with SDG in tourism
, 372–373
SDG 10
, 372
SDG 11
, 372
SDG 12
, 372
SDG 16
, 372
SDG 8
, 372
SDG 9
, 372
“Sustainable branding”
, 256
“Sustainable destination management”
, 256
Sustainable development
, 247, 250
development objective
, 249–250
objectives and principles of
, 249
policy implications
, 256
requirements for
, 250
research methodology
, 248
technology and
, 251–252
technology-led sustainable tourism
, 252–256
“Sustainable marketing”
, 256
Sustainable tourism
, 252, 363
digital marketing to
, 464
SWOT analysis of religious events
, 464–466
Technological/technology
, 46, 86, 103, 248, 284, 289, 396, 474, 480
advancements
, 473–474
in Amavido
, 366
assist civilisation
, 19
available forms in travel agencies
, 500–504
benefits in travel agencies
, 504–505
challenges of technology use in
, 26
data analysis
, 500
data collection
, 499
ethical consideration
, 500
factors
, 52–54
impacts, shifts
, 24–26
innovations
, 19–20, 185–187, 281–282
literature review
, 495–497
poses challenges to travel agencies in developing countries
, 505–507
research methodology
, 498
resources
, 370
results
, 500
review of approaches
, 20
sampling procedure
, 499
study area
, 499
and sustainable development
, 251–252
targeted travel agencies and study limitations
, 500
technological innovations
, 19–20
technology-economic development tourism
, 475
technology-led sustainable tourism
, 252–256
in tourism and hospitality
, 20–24
in travel
, 494–495
travel agencies and information technology
, 497–498
travel agencies’ strategies to overcoming challenges of technological use
, 507–508
Technology, Organization, and Environment framework (TOE framework)
, 430, 433
Technology-led Sustainable Tourism Development Process (TSTD)
, 252, 254
Telekom Network Malawi Ltd (TNM)
, 503, 507
Territory
, 394, 412–413
marketing of
, 395
‘Third-party cookies’
, 35
Top Management Support (TMS)
, 435, 437
Tourism
, 1–2, 46, 100–101, 182, 247–248, 322–323, 446, 494
agents
, 273
attraction
, 168
competencies in
, 449–450
context of technology use
, 22
and economic development
, 475
emotional aspect of
, 102–103
emotional branding and ICT tools in
, 105–107
and employees in India
, 307
exchange through blogs impacting destination promotion
, 327–329
experience
, 322
experience-based tourism services
, 323–324
gaming and
, 169–171
and hospitality
, 20, 307
human resources in
, 448–449
ICT tools in tourism industry
, 103–105
impacts, shifts, and challenges of technology use in
, 24–26
influencer marketing future for
, 142–143
innovation in
, 183–184
knowledge and experience for tourist
, 324
organizing tourism experience through value-added services
, 324–326
promoting of tourism experience and role of social media and blogs
, 326–327
push–pull factors
, 23–24
SM in
, 134–139
technology in
, 20–23
VR in
, 168–169
websites for
, 203–205
Tourism 4. 0
, 370
case studies in Portugal
, 373
Data-driven Planning for Sustainable Tourism in Portugal project
, 373–374
KeyForTravel
, 374–375
TOMI
, 374
Tourism 360°
, 375–377
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)
, 252, 254
Tourism destination promotion
, (see also Online marketing)
changes in tourism destination promotion with technological advancement
, 225–226
impacts on tourism business
, 217
mobile technology
, 219–221
online advertisement
, 221–223
promotional tools used by DMOs
, 215–217
research methods
, 218
result
, 218
social media
, 223–225
technological tools for
, 218–219
technologies
, 213–214
tourism and ICT
, 214–215
Tourism Information Systems (TISs)
, 253
Tourist destination
, 182
development
, 183–185
Tourist tracking techniques
, 337–339
industry implications of
, 343
problems linked to
, 339–341
Tourists
, 46, 322
knowledge and experience for
, 324
websites for
, 203–205
Tracking
, 335–336, 343
industry implications of tourist tracking techniques
, 343
problems linked to tourist tracking techniques
, 339–341
technologies
, 336–337
tourist tracking techniques
, 337–339
tourists to support policymaking
, 341–343
Traditional marketing
, 86
Traditional media tools
, 134
Transparency principle
, 395
Travel
, 494
decision process
, 290
enthusiasts
, 459
ICT in travel sector
, 238–240
industry 4. 0
, 11
influencer marketing future for
, 142–143
SM tools in
, 137–138
Travel agency
, 494
colour
, 89–90
data analysis and findings
, 91–94
design
, 88–89
in developing countries
, 505–507
information
, 89
and information technology
, 497–498
internet
, 85–86
marketing
, 87
online marketing
, 88
picture
, 89
price
, 90
promotion
, 87–88
research methodology
, 90
strategies to overcome challenges of technological use
, 507–508
technologies available forms in
, 500–504
technologies benefits in
, 504–505
theoretical framework
, 90
TripAdvisor
, 117–119, 288, 338, 496
Triple Helix concept
, 394–395
Twitter
, 114, 118, 122, 461