Abuse
domestic
, 73, 87–88, 170–171
emotional
, 2
parental
, 20–21
physical
, 2
sexual
, 2, 130
Access
, 34, 75–76, 151, 182–183
Accommodation
, 87–88, 116–117, 190–191
Adaptive strategies
, 4, 49–50
Adjusting (to prison life)
, 3
Adolescent
, 109–110
Mental Health Services
, 73
Adult
responsibilities
, 118
status
, 107
Adulthood
markers of
, 106
transitions to
, 106
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)
, 4, 68–69, 174
Age. See also Chronological age
, 6–7, 50, 88–89, 183–184
Alcohol
Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT)
, 132
hazardous drinking
, 131
Alternative narrative
, 109–120
Ambiguous loss
, 20–21, 169
Analytical framework
, 19–20
Antenatal
care
, 51, 151–152
depression
, 131–132
negative experiences of
, 51
Anticipatory grief
, 49–50
Anti-social behaviour
, 18–19, 166
Anxiety
, 4, 91, 135, 176–177
Assisted Prison Visits scheme
, 77–78
Attachment
attachment seeking behaviour
, 171
attachment theory
, 166
Care
antenatal care
, 51, 151–152
arrangements
, 4, 18–19, 68–69
Care and Separation Units
, 176
care taking
, 32
of children
, 3–4
ethics of care
, 107
foster
, 20–21, 129–130, 192
post-natal care
, 182
provision
, 50, 116, 137
system
, 71, 75–76
Caregiver
, 22–23, 35, 165–166
alternative
, 18–19
Carer
foster
, 20–21
primary
, 15–16, 24, 118–119
relationships
, 18–19
sole
, 25, 42–43
Challenge
, 3, 32–33, 53–54, 89, 187
Child
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
, 73
child birth
, 133
child impact assessment
, 71
child-rearing
, 6–7, 147
developmental need
, 188
emotional need
, 35–36
psychological development
, 188
Childcare
, 58, 93
arrangements
, 73
Childcare Resettlement Leave (CRL)
, 42
Children
affected by parental imprisonment
, 44, 68–69, 182
Children Heard and Seen Children’s Services
, 168
dependent
, 2, 15, 25
mental health
, 113
older children
, 73, 94, 138
of prisoners
, 45, 68–69, 164, 182
younger children
, 92, 108
Class
, 147, 168
middle class values
, 149
Clinical Assessment of Neuropsychiatry
, 132
Coffee
, 39–40, 150–151, 168
Communication
, 32, 50, 187
Community-Based Support
, 165
Community sentence
, 14, 70, 138–139
Complex (needs, disadvantage)
, 2, 69, 199–200
Confidence
lack of
, 74
loss of
, 94
Confounding grief
, 20–21, 73–74
Connectedness
, 51, 109–110
Construction of mothering
, 109
Contact
Childcare Resettlement Leave (CRL)
, 42
email
, 34
face-to-face
, 32–33, 34
letters, letter writing
, 32, 34, 187
maintaining
, 3, 37, 169
mother-child
, 32, 39
released on temporary licence (ROTL)
, 70
telephone
, 32–33, 38
visits (See also Family days)
, 3, 33, 41
Cope
, 5–6, 49–50, 73, 146
Coping
mechanism
, 91, 153
strategies
, 61, 165
Court
Court of Appeal
, 15, 22
Crown Court
, 5–6, 19
Magistrates Court
, 25
Supreme Court
, 22
Credit, telephone
, 34, 40
Criminal
Criminal Bar Association
, 24
criminal courts
, 14
criminal history
, 131
Criminal Law Committee of the Law Society
, 24
Criminalised mother
, 91, 95–96
Criminal Justice Act 2003
, 15–16
Criminal justice system
, 1–2, 14, 68–69, 175
Crown Court
judges
, 5–6, 19–20, 200–201
judiciary
, 19
Custodial sentence
, 5–6, 16, 18, 88, 137
Custody
, 2, 16, 71, 90, 117
Magistrates
association
, 24
court
, 17–18, 25
Maintaining contact. See also Barriers to maintaining contact
, 3, 5–6, 34–35, 37, 169
Male-dominated
, 147, 148–149, 200
Male prisoners
, 2, 3, 87, 181–182, 185
HIV
, 189
Marginalise
marginalised groups
, 121, 166–167
marginalised mothers
, 90–91
Masculine organisations
, 148
Maternal
emotion
, 5–6, 61–63, 86, 91, 99
expectations, violation of
, 108
grandparents
, 3–4
identity
, 5–6, 86–89, 95–97
imprisonment, long term effects
, 5–6, 18–19, 32, 36–37, 80, 86, 89–95, 190
relationships
, 51, 198
theory
, 88
Matricentric feminist criminology
, 88
Mature, maturity
, 94, 107
Media. See also Social media
, 42–43, 69–70, 74
Mental health
child and adolescent mental
, 73
diagnosis
, 135
health services
, 73, 131, 154
Mental ill health
of children
, 139
perinatal mental health
, 130
poor mental health
, 69
undiagnosed
, 137
untreated
, 137
Mentor. See also Neutral positioned mentor
, 165–170, 198–199
Method
, 5–6, 15–16, 35–37, 131–132, 193
Methodology
, 19–21, 51–52, 69–70, 88–89, 150–151
Minister for Women in the Criminal Justice System
, 14
Ministry of Justice
, 2, 14, 33, 80, 128–130, 170–171
Miscarriage
, 6–7, 147, 151–152, 200
Mitigate
, 15, 22, 40, 75–76, 202
Mitigating motherhood
, 19
Mobile telephone
, 34, 38, 45, 187
Money
, 38–41, 118–119, 173–174
Moral
, 55, 117, 178, 188, 202–203
Moral imperatives
, 107, 201–202
Mother(s)
addicted
, 91
bad
, 23–24
biological
, 193
criminalised
, 95–96
definitions
, 1–2
good
, 111, 192
institutional definitions
, 3
marginalised
, 90–91, 156
mother and baby unit (MBU)
admissions
, 133–135
applications
, 133–135
mother-child contact
, 5–6
neglectful
, 202
norms
, 95
in prison
, 154–156
self-identified
, 35, 36–37
Mother and baby unit (MBU)
, 49–51, 58, 91–92, 128–129
Motherhood
constructions of
, 107
cultural significance of
, 201–202
meanng of
, 198
new
, 51, 62–63
responsibilities
, 15
script
, 95–96
transition to
, 111–112
Mothering
bad
, 200–201
code of conduct
, 95–96, 198
cultural significance of
, 201–202
disrupted
, 107, 116
disruption of
, 197, 198
doing
, 147–149
good
, 15, 202
hierarchies
, 156, 200–201
identity, positive mothering
, 34–35, 108, 114, 197
ideology
, 200–201
intensive
, 60, 107–108, 111, 118
narratives
, 107, 199
practices
, 158, 198
responsibilities
, 3, 187
role
, 54, 57–58, 110
success
, 114
Motherwork
, 108, 112–116, 121, 202
Multiple (needs, disadvantage)
, 2, 63, 69
Narrative. See also Stories
alternative
, 41–43
analysis
, 109
dominant narrative
, 107, 114, 118, 198
National Lottery Community Fund
, 67–68
National Offender Management Service (NOMS)
, 33, 52, 89, 150
National Probation Service
, 17, 24
National Research Council
, 35–36
National Research Ethics Service
, 131
Needs. See also Complex needs
, 2, 35–36, 50, 53, 87, 94, 111–112, 167, 199–200
Neo-liberal politics
, 158
Netherlands
, 18–19, 138–139, 188–189
Neurotic disorders
, 130, 132
Neutral positioned mentor. See also Mentor
, 165–170, 165
New York
, 139–140, 190–191
Non-custodial sentence
, 17–18
Nutrition
, 52, 186–187, 199
Nutritional standards
, 53
Observation
, 56, 150–151, 159
Offender Health Research Network
, 130
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 (ORA)
, 25–26
Offending
behavior
, 72, 87–88
re-offending
, 33
Older children
, 73, 94, 97, 138, 167–168
Outcomes
, 1–2, 15, 39–40, 50–51, 89, 114, 130, 198–199
Out of court disposals
, 14
Outpatient treatment
, 135
‘Overarching Principles: Seriousness: Definitive Guideline'
, 15–16, 16–17
Pains of imprisonment
, 14–15, 63, 98–99, 118, 146, 197–199
Parent
parent-child relationships
, 106
single parent
, 170–171
Parenthood
, 34–35, 111–112
Participants
, 35–36, 43, 56, 72, 88–89, 109, 132, 133
Partners of Prisoners Support (POPS)
, 71, 75–76
Passive victim. See also Victim
, 202–203
Paternal
abuse
, 192
figure
, 188–189
imprisonment
, 190
Peer support
, 165, 170–174, 198–199
Pen, coloured pen
, 37, 43–44
Performance
, 149–150, 149
Perinatal
experience
, 51
mental health
, 130, 131
Personality disorder
, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140
Person-Shaped Support (PSS)
, 70
Physical abuse
, 146–147, 151–152, 190
Physical environment
, 52–54, 189, 202
Physical ill-health
, 68–69
Post custodial support
, 86
Post custody supervision
, 25–26
Post-release
, 26, 52, 86–88, 90–92, 99, 164–165, 177
Post-traumatic stress disorder
, 135
Potential harm
, 25–26, 41, 112
Potential risk
, 53–54, 202
Poverty
, 69, 73, 75–76, 184, 186–187, 191, 199
Power. See Powerlessness
, 54, 90, 165–166, 171–172, 174–175, 189, 192, 202
Practical support
, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
Practitioner-researcher
, 165
Pre-existing disadvantages
, 73, 75–76
Pre-existing secure attachments
, 18–19
Pregnant
, 5–6, 17, 53, 131, 151–154, 185, 199, 201
Presentation of self
, 149–150, 154
Pre-sentence report
, 24, 71
Primary carer. See also Carer; Primary carer; Sole carer
, 16–17, 22, 36, 119–120
Prison
American prison
, 51
impact on family
, 16, 17–18, 20
neo-liberal penal policies
, 150–151
open prison
, 3, 138
prison environment
, 35–36, 53, 156–157, 191–192
prison estate
, 3–4, 6–7, 60
prison governor
, 35–36
prison landings
, 146–148
prison leavers
, 108–109
prison officer
career
, 106, 148–149, 156
female prison officers
, 146–147, 149, 151, 158–159
frontline
, 150–151
male prison officers
, 6–7, 147, 158–159
modern prison officer
, 146
role, gendered nature of
, 153
senior prison officer
, 151
working life of
, 147–149
prison policy
, 106, 109, 122
prison population
, 2
prison reform trust
, 136–137
prison regime
, 34
prison service order
, 42, 63
prison staff
, 185
prison violence
, 2, 146, 199
prison visits
, 32, 78, 167
prison wings
, 51–52, 146, 154
semi-open prison
, 183–184
women's prisons
, 3, 147–148, 176
Prisoner
children of
, 177
foreign national
, 76, 184, 199–200
male prisoner
, 2–3, 87
minimum standards for
, 182–183
violent prisoner
, 149–150
Probation officer
, 24, 98
Pro-social pathway
, 18–19
Protected characteristic
, 19
Protective factors
, 18–19
Recall
, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Regime (prison)
, 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation
, 86, 106, 198
Relationships
breakdown
, 120
with carer of children
, 24
with children
, 164–165, 177, 201
familial
, 120
negotiating
, 53
parent-child relationships
, 201
positive
, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff
, 5–6
rebuilding
, 177
strained
, 3
Release
, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL)
, 70, 76, 98
Research Ethics Framework
, 19–20
Resettlement
resettlement agency
, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support
, 87–88
Resilience
, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Respect, respectable
, 88, 149, 153, 155
Reunification
, 86–88, 106
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk
, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Role reversal
, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Sacrifice
, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness
, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding
, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety
, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive
, 35–36
sampling
, 19–20, 35–36
School
, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Search, searching
, 169–170
Secretary of State
, 17–18, 34
Security
, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self
, 149–150
presentation of self
, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame
, 108
self-harm
, 116, 136, 201
self-worth
, 98–99
semi-structured interview
, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self
, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length
, 14, 21
short sentences
, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making
, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines
, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council
, 15–16
sentencing policy
, 127–128
Separation
from baby
, 5–6
at birth
, 49–50
from child
, 56–57
fear of
, 199
negative effects
, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage)
, 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q)
, 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse
, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation
, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse
, 185
Siblings
, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Silence. See also Forced silence
, 73–74
Sleep
sleep deprivation
, 189
sleep loss
, 169
Social worker
, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status
, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer
, 25, 42–43
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO)
, 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity
, 95–96
Stigma
, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma
, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives
, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storytelling
, 107, 109, 121
Strategies
, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Stress
, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
, 132
Struggle
, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Substance
dependency
, 69
misuse
, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suicide attempts
, 131, 134, 136
Support
bespoke
, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional
, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial
, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical
, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional
, 1–2
Victim
, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim
, 68–69
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence
, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence
, 199
violence in the home
, 154, 158
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme
, 77–78
conjugal
, 185
family days
, 33, 78–79, 157
private
, 185
social
, 33
Voluntary organisations
, 70
Vulnerable
children
, 75–76, 188
women
, 2
Welfare
, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being
, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government
, 108–109
Western
, 182, 184, 192–193
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood
, 60
Women In prison
, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres
, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons
, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated
, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised
, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO)
, 182
Worry
, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190